Areas for further research

• Safety of nicotine and other medications to aid smoking cessation in pregnant smokers, including impact on the health and development of newborns of mothers who received medication during pregnancy.
• Safety of bupropion in high risk groups (pregnancy, alcohol abuse, history of stroke or other brain injury).
• Safety of varenicline in high risk groups (psychiatric disease, cardiovascular disease, alcohol and drug abuse, pregnancy)
• Safety of combinations of nicotine replacement therapies or combination of nicotine replacement therapy and non-nicotine pharmacotherapies.
• Safety of nicotine and other medications to aid smoking cessation in adolescents.
• Health effects of novel nicotine delivery devices, including potential for use to initiate smoking (in adolescents) and potential adverse effects on smoking cessation (i.e. switching instead of quitting) .
• Development of biomarkers of exposure and surrogate markers of health effects of tobacco and related products.
• Safety of long term nicotine replacement or other medication as would be used to reduce cigarette smoking or maintain tobacco abstinence.
• Abuse liability of nicotine products and delivery systems and other medications to aid smoking cessation in the over-the-counter setting (i.e. without physician oversight), including product initiation by adolescents and other non-smokers.
• Safety and efficacy of oral tobacco products (e.g. snus) for smoking cessation.